Western Perspective of Islamic Revivalist Movements: A Critical Analysis of John Obert Voll’s Approach

الملخص

This study presents a critical evaluation of John Obert Voll’s perspective on Islamic revivalist movements, highlighting his generally balanced and historically grounded approach. Voll, a prominent Western scholar of Islamic studies, is recognized for his impartial treatment of Islamic movements, diverging from the commonly prejudiced narrative among Western academics. His methodology emphasizes the historical continuity of Islamic resurgence, particularly through the traditions of Tajdīd (renewal) and Iṣlāḥ (reform), tracing their roots back to prophetic teachings. Voll argues that revivalist movements are not novel phenomena but represent Islam’s dynamic engagement with changing socio-political realities, especially since the 18th and 19th centuries. He adopts a three-dimensional analytical framework focusing on individual and group identification, global modern dynamics, and Islamic religious foundations. He classifies revivalist movements into four distinct styles of action: adaptationist, conservative, fundamentalist, and individualist. However, certain aspects of his analysis merit critical scrutiny. His categorization of the Kharijites alongside mainstream fundamentalist reformers like Ibn Taymiyyah and Ahmad Sirhindi is contested, as is his objection to the Muslim consensus declaring the Ahmadiyyah movement heretical. Additionally, his depiction of the Babi movement lacks context regarding its political ties and theological deviations. Despite these issues, Voll’s work contributes positively to Western academic discourse on Islam by acknowledging the religious and historical legitimacy of revivalist movements. This study underscores the importance of contextual and source-based analysis when evaluating Western interpretations of Islamic resurgence, advocating for balanced scholarship that respects both historical evidence and theological sensitivities within the Muslim world.